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2024-05-17 發(fā)布

學(xué)會放手

LEARNING TO LET GO

(Shanghai-Melbourne)

BAU建筑與城市設(shè)計事務(wù)所

教育絕非生產(chǎn)
not factories
上海青浦的公立學(xué)校在教學(xué)方法上較為保守，建筑風(fēng)格類似工廠。然而，新的重固實驗學(xué)校卻有望從傳統(tǒng)的紀律教學(xué)模式轉(zhuǎn)向更加非正式、基于探究的教學(xué)方式，從而實現(xiàn)教學(xué)模式的轉(zhuǎn)變。作為一個為快樂、玩耍和夢想而設(shè)計的作品，它的形式表達也體現(xiàn)了教育建筑的范式轉(zhuǎn)變。
Public schools in Shanghai are conservative in their pedagogy and factory-like in their architecture. The new Chonggu Experimental School however provides the potential for a shift in pedagogy from the traditional disciplinary model to less formal, enquiry-based approaches. It also presents a paradigm shift in formal expression – a design shaped for joy, play and dreaming.

如夢似幻
daydreaming
學(xué)校的設(shè)計靈感源于基地旁的運河與已故建筑師張在元那富有詩意的畫作。學(xué)校的建筑語言如夢似幻，宛如另一個世界，一個充滿創(chuàng)新、創(chuàng)意與差異化的世界。熟悉的由走廊連接教學(xué)單元的學(xué)校布局，在面向校園內(nèi)部庭院的方向愈加蜿蜒曲折。一開始是如同曲柄形狀的樓板，然后是弧形的玻璃，接著是拋物線形的凸窗，很快就能看到隨著運動而振動的陽臺線條。眼前的建筑仿佛被外力撼動——就好像在一端搖動一根繩子，不同大小的波浪沿著繩子呼嘯而過，然后突然靜止，定格在一個凍結(jié)的瞬間。
Inspired by the site’s canal and by the lyrical drawings of late architect, Zhang Zai Yuan, the formal language of the school is dream-like, another world, a world of innovation, creativity, and difference. The familiar school typology of slab with external corridor is increasingly distorted toward the school interior courtyard. Observed at first by a crank in the slab, then by a bent window, then by parabolic bay windows, and soon by lines of balconies vibrating with movement. As if reality has been shaken — like a rope held at one end, with waves of different sizes hurtling along its length, suddenly stopped in a frozen moment.

不是填鴨式教學(xué)，而是自主學(xué)習(xí)
not spoon-fed but student-driven
學(xué)術(shù)界對正式與非正式教學(xué)模型的有效性仍存在分歧。然而中國仍處于一個極端，教師被視為所有知識的源泉，學(xué)生則通過死記硬背來學(xué)習(xí)正確答案。而應(yīng)用雷焦·艾米利亞（Reggio Emilia）教育理念的學(xué)校則處于另一個極端：學(xué)生和教師在課程設(shè)置方面都擁有很大的自主權(quán)。我們對傳統(tǒng)教室再熟悉不過了。它們通常方方正正，正面擺滿一排排面向老師的課桌。而非正式教學(xué)空間則是大型的、如同根狀結(jié)構(gòu)的流動空間，教師們監(jiān)督學(xué)生在其中獨立或以小組形式進行學(xué)習(xí)。在中國，師生比例很高，40-50人的大班是常態(tài)。在這樣的比例下，除了采用傳統(tǒng)的教學(xué)模式并配備其所需的大量教室外，很難適用其他任何教學(xué)模式。然而使用小組教學(xué)、探究型教學(xué)，都需要投入更多的師資力量，相應(yīng)地也會帶來更高的教學(xué)成本。
但是鑒于當(dāng)前不斷下降的出生率，中國預(yù)計在校學(xué)生數(shù)量將很快大幅下降，這為嘗試新的教學(xué)法創(chuàng)造了契機。新建的學(xué)校建筑必須足夠靈活，使之可以適應(yīng)并推動這些更開放的教學(xué)舉措。
Academics remain split on the effectiveness of formal vs informal pedagogic models. China remains at one extreme, the teacher as the font of all knowledge, and students rote learning correct answers. Schools such as those applying Reggio Emilia philosophy are at the other, where students, and teachers, have significant degrees of autonomy over their curriculum. Traditional classrooms are well known to us. They are usually boxy and have an array of desks facing the front. Informal teaching spaces on the other hand are larger rhizomatic, flowing field conditions where teams of teachers oversee students working independently or in small groups. The student-teacher ratio is high in China, with large classes of 40-50 students the norm. With this ratio it is difficult to manage any but the traditional pedagogic model and its requisite multitude of classrooms. Team-teaching, enquiry driven approaches require a greater number of teachers; and corresponding higher wage bill.
At the current declining birth rate, China anticipates a dramatic drop in the number of school students. This will free space, and teachers, in existing schools and create opportunities for experimentation with pedagogies. New school architecture needs flexibility to adapt to the space requirements and enable these progressive initiatives.

若不能更輕松，至少也應(yīng)該更有趣
if not less, then at least more engaging
中國學(xué)生的受教育水平非常高，這既與艱苦的學(xué)習(xí)方式有關(guān)，也與教學(xué)方式有關(guān)。為爭奪優(yōu)質(zhì)大學(xué)名額的競爭從幼兒園就開始了。童年學(xué)習(xí)負擔(dān)過重的問題雖已得到有關(guān)部門的承認并試圖解決，但事實證明徹底改善仍有一定難度。一種更加以學(xué)生為中心的教學(xué)模式可能是解決之道，它可以在不降低所需學(xué)習(xí)強度的情況下，為學(xué)生提供一個更加多樣、充實和有趣的教學(xué)課程。此外，這種模式可能還有助于學(xué)生們做好準備，更為靈活地應(yīng)對未來人工智能的挑戰(zhàn)。
Chinese students are extremely highly educated; this is due to the arduous hours of study as much as to the style of teaching. Competition for good university places begins in kindergarten. The issue of children heavily burdened with study is acknowledged by authorities but has proven impossible to alleviate. A more student-centered pedagogic model could be one solution to creating a more varied, fulfilling, and enjoyable curriculum, without reducing the required learning intensity. It might also prepare students to be nimbler for an AI future.

靈活多變的未來形態(tài)
future proofing
重固實驗學(xué)校可以通過多種方式轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)橐粋€以學(xué)生為中心的，更適合自主學(xué)習(xí)的空間。首先，得益于框架式結(jié)構(gòu)體系，每兩個或三個教室之間的墻壁可以由活動墻板取代，這可以實現(xiàn)更大團隊的教學(xué)。其次，曲折連續(xù)的外走廊可以用玻璃封閉，以創(chuàng)建一條寬敞舒適的內(nèi)部街道，以便舉辦如展覽等類型的交流活動。第三，樓層中的節(jié)點或轉(zhuǎn)折處的房間可以被設(shè)計為學(xué)生自學(xué)和討論的空間。最后，裙房公共建筑的內(nèi)部功能以寬敞蜿蜒的走廊相互連接，并局部擴大，形成容納各種學(xué)習(xí)和課題討論的附加空間。在這些非正式學(xué)習(xí)空間中，學(xué)生可以進行小組學(xué)習(xí)、數(shù)字化學(xué)習(xí)、課題調(diào)研、咨詢問答和STEAM學(xué)習(xí)。
Chonggu Experimental School can be transformed from a traditional teaching model to one that suits student centered learning in a number of ways. Firstly, the walls between each pair, or group of three, classrooms can be replaced by operable walls, enabled by the column structure. This enables team teaching. Secondly the classroom corridors, running the length of the slab building, can become enclosed with glazing to create a generous internal street suitable for programs such as exhibitions. Thirdly the rooms at the knuckles in the slab building are designed to be used as student study and project space. Finally, the large meandering corridor network within the two-story extra-curricular buildings are wide and designed with bulges to accommodate all manner of study and nooks and pods. Peer to peer learning, digital-based learning, project-based learning, student enquiry, and STEAM learning can be supported in these informal spaces.

教室標(biāo)準段 Standard classroo

看向窗外
look out
該地塊毗鄰青浦數(shù)百條運河之一。體育館、圖書館、禮堂、音樂教室、藝術(shù)教室和各種特殊功能都布置在這里，從窗戶、陽臺和露臺可以俯瞰運河。也許未來的某一天，現(xiàn)有的公共運河圍欄得以拆除后，學(xué)校與運河可以融為一體，形成濱河景觀，景觀綠地和河流也都可以成為教學(xué)的一部分。較高的教學(xué)樓陽臺可以俯瞰公共教學(xué)樓的綠色屋頂和整個濱河綠帶。The site is adjacent one of Qinpu’s hundreds of canals. Gymnasium, library, auditorium, music school, art school, and various special functions are placed here with windows, verandas and terraces overlooking the canal. At a future date the existing public canal fence should be removed and a landscape developed to integrate the school with the canal. The taller classroom building’s balconies overlook the green roofs of the specialized buildings and the canal.

看臺與球場
bleachers and pitches
體育館和食堂位于運動場旁邊。大臺階將二樓的屋頂花園與運動場連接起來，為學(xué)生提供了一個聚集場所。食堂的位置使其能夠更好的與后面較高的教學(xué)樓共享景觀視野。食堂大廳及其露臺可以俯瞰整個運動場地。The sports hall and canteen are located adjacent to the sports grounds. Grandstand seating connects the rooftop and second floor level with the sports fields and provides a place for students to hang out. The canteen is located to enable further view sharing from the adjacent taller teaching wing. Along with its terrace the canteen hall has broad views over the sports fields, activities, and beyond.

高效的裝配式建筑
pre-fab
盡管樓板邊緣呈曲線形態(tài)，但建筑采用標(biāo)準結(jié)構(gòu)網(wǎng)格，以便組裝預(yù)制構(gòu)件。外墻、柱子、樓板和樓梯都經(jīng)過合理化設(shè)計，使整個項目和每棟建筑的預(yù)制率都達到40%。預(yù)制件可降低成本、減少浪費和縮短工期，減少對城市的干擾，此外還能保證更高品質(zhì)的建筑細節(jié)。Despite the curved edges of the floor slabs, the buildings adopt a standard structural grid to facilitate the assembly of prefabricated components. The external walls, columns, floor slabs and staircases are rationalized to enable a minimum 40% prefabrication rate for both the overall construction and for each individual building. Prefabrication reduces cost, time, wastage, and urban disruption. It also enables a higher quality of construction and finish.

智慧應(yīng)對炎熱夏季
summer smart
為了應(yīng)對青浦的炎熱夏天，降低碳排放，提高舒適度，利用水平屋檐和豎向構(gòu)件進行被動式遮陽，能防止大部分夏季陽光進入建筑。為了支持可持續(xù)的城市排水系統(tǒng)、達成海綿城市目標(biāo)、保護生物多樣性和降低城市熱島效應(yīng)，大部分場地和建筑屋頂都使用當(dāng)?shù)刂参镞M行了綠化覆蓋。
To counter Qingpu’s notoriously hot summers, and to lower carbon consumption and improve comfort levels, passive solar control is employed. Eaves and fins prevent the majority of summer sun from entering the buildings. The majority of the site and rooftops are vegetated. This supports sustainable urban drainage systems, sponge city objectives, bio-diversity and the lowering of the urban heat island phenomenon.

挖掘潛力
potential filled
日益流行的團隊教學(xué)法聲稱要發(fā)掘所有學(xué)生的潛能，尤其是那些在傳統(tǒng)教學(xué)體系中缺乏積極性的學(xué)生。同樣，重固實驗學(xué)校也為各類教育工作者提供了發(fā)揮自身潛能、參與其他教學(xué)方式的機會。學(xué)校的建筑風(fēng)格支持傳統(tǒng)的教學(xué)方法，但重要的是，如果有一位開明而富有冒險精神的校長，它同樣會鼓勵和支持其他的教學(xué)方法。The increasingly popular team-teaching pedagogies profess to finding the potential of all students, particularly those who are unmotivated in the traditional system. Chonggu Experimental School likewise provides the opportunity for all manner of educators to fulfill their own potential and engage in other ways of teaching. The architecture supports a traditional pedagogy but importantly it will equally encourage and support alternative methods should an enlightened and adventurous head teacher arrive at the school.
技術(shù)圖紙
Drawings

項目信息

Project Data

項目情況：2023年已建成

地點: 上海，青浦區(qū)

客戶：上海市青浦區(qū)教育綜合事務(wù)中心

代建單位：上海青浦新城發(fā)展（集團）有限公司

建筑面積: 21,425㎡

建設(shè)投資: 14536.5萬元

類型:公立學(xué)校

功能項目: 小學(xué) 1-6 年級，20 個教室；初中 7-9 年級，16 個教室；食堂、健身房、報告廳、劇場、圖書館；科學(xué)教室、音樂室、舞蹈室、美術(shù)室、運動場。

BAU項目組成員:

建筑：James Brearley，羅懷利，廖望，F(xiàn)rancisco Garcia，黃鶴，李正，王雙貂，覃小航，姚文軒

景觀：黃芳，郭列俠，賀雨晴，羅莉，師政婷

室內(nèi)：王明棟，鄭佳敏

施工單位:中鐵四局

合作設(shè)計院: 上海瀚聯(lián)建筑設(shè)計咨詢有限公司

攝影：合什攝影

Project Status: Completed 2023

Location: Shanghai, Qingpu District

Client: Shanghai Qingpu District Education Comprehensive Affairs Centre

Project Management: Shanghai Qingpu Newcity Development (Group) Co.,Ltd.

Construction Area: 21,425㎡

Construction Cost: ￥145.365 million

Typology: public school

Program: primary school Year 1-6, twenty classrooms; middle school Year 7-9, sixteen classrooms; canteen, gym, lecture hall, theater, library; science classrooms, music rooms, dance rooms, art rooms, sports grounds.

BAU Project Team:

Architecture: James Brearley，Huaili Luo，Wang Liao，F(xiàn)rancisco Garcia，He Huang，Zheng Li，Shuangdiao Wang，Xiaohang Qin，Wenxuan Yao

Landscape: Fang Huang，Liexia Guo，Yuqing He，Li Luo，Zhengting Shi

Interior：Mingdong Wang，Jiaming Zheng

Contractor: China Railway No.4 Engineering Group Co.,Ltd.

Engineer & architecture documentation: Shanghai Hanlian Architectural Design Consulting Co. Ltd.

Photographer: INNSimages

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